L1 Japanese Attrition and Regaining[SIJL11]


Contents

Contents�@ú@
Tables and Figures�@úF
Foreword�@úI
Acknowledgments�@úIú@
Symbols and Abbreviations�@úIúB

1�@INTRODUCTION�@1
1.1�@Children and attrition studies�@1
1.2�@The definition of language attrition�@2
1.3�@The organization of this thesis�@3

2�@LITERATURE REVIEW�@12
2.1�@Scope of the review�@12
2.2�@Organization of the review�@13
2.3�@Description of attrition phenomena�@16
2.3.1�@What is lost�@16
2.3.2�@Summary of what is lost�@25
2.3.3�@Andersen's predictions and the degree to which they match reality�@29
2.3.4�@Attrition curve and stages�@33
2.4�@Interacting variables�@35
2.4.1�@Age�@35
2.4.2�@Proficiency in the attriting language�@38
2.4.3�@Literacy acquisition�@40
2.5�@Theories�@41
2.5.1�@The retrieval failure theory(competence transformation or performance failure)�@41
2.5.2�@Intra-and inter-linguistic driving forces for attrition(how competence is transformed)�@43
2.5.3�@The threshold hypothesis�@44
2.5.4�@The Regression Hypothesis(the order of attrition)�@45
2.6�@Summary�@46
2.7�@Final remarks�@49

3�@THE PILOT STUDY�@50
3.1�@Research questions�@50
3.2�@Method�@51
3.2.1�@Subject�@51
3.2.2�@Data�@52
3.2.3�@Procedure�@53
3.2.4�@Analysis�@54
3.3�@Results�@55
3.3.1�@Amount/speed of Japanese attrition and regaining�@55
3.3.2�@Task variability�@57
3.3.3�@Errors�@60
3.3.4�@Code-switching�@64
3.4�@Discussion and conclusion�@65

4�@METHOD�@69
4.1�@Language production models�@69
4.2�@Research questions�@71
4.3�@Subjects�@74
4.3.1�@Haruki�@74
4.3.2�@Shoko�@76
4.3.3�@Amount of Japanese input/output�@77
4.3.4�@Pros and cons of using the researcher's own children as subjects�@78
4.4�@Data�@80
4.5�@Procedure�@81

5�@COMPLEMENT STRUCTURES AND COMPLEX SENTENCES IN JAPANESE�@86
5.1�@Analyzing complements at the semantic level�@87
5.1.1�@The grammatical analysis of complements�@88
5.1.2�@The pragmatic analysis of complements�@90
5.1.3�@The morphological analysis of complements�@90
5.1.4�@The semantic analysis of complements�@91
5.2�@Case-marking particles and complement types in Japanese�@91
5.2.1�@Case-marking particles(kakujoshi)�@92
5.2.2�@Complement types in Japanese�@93
5.3�@Ellipsis of case-marking particles�@100
5.3.1�@Optional ellipsis�@101
5.3.2�@Obligatory ellipsis 1�@102
5.3.3�@Obligatory ellipsis 2�@106
5.4�@Complex sentences�@108
5.5�@Summary�@112

6�@ANALYSIS�@114
6.1�@TTR�@115
6.2�@Use of Non-Japanese words�@118
6.3�@MLU�@120
6.3.1�@MLU�@121
6.3.2�@Alternatives to MLU�@125
6.4�@Complement structures and particle supply�@128
6.5�@Complex sentences�@129
6.6�@Errors�@130
6.7�@Fluency(frequency of intra-constituent pauses)�@132
6.8�@Elicited imitation�@137
6.9�@Comprehension ability via translation and Reynell Developmental Language Scales�@141
6.10�@Field notes and transcription�@142
6.11�@Summary�@143

7�@RESULTS�@145
7.1�@Type-Token Ratio(TTR)�@146
7.1.1�@Comparison of the three subjects' pre-attrition TTR�@146
7.1.2�@Shoko�@148
7.1.3�@Haruki in Hawaii(H1)�@149
7.1.4�@Haruki in Stockholm(H2)�@149
7.1.5�@Summary of results regarding TTR�@150
7.2�@Use of Non-Japanese words�@150
7.2.1�@Comparison of the three subjects' pre-attrition use of Non-Japanese words�@151
7.2.2�@Shoko�@151
7.2.3�@Haruki in Hawaii(H1)�@153
7.2.4�@Haruki in Stockholm(H2)�@153
7.2.5�@Summary of results regarding use of Non-Japanese words�@155
7.3�@MLU�@155
7.3.1�@Comparison of the three subjects'pre-attrition MLU�@155
7.3.2�@Shoko�@156
7.3.3�@Haruki in Hawaii(H1)�@159
7.3.4�@Inability to formulate sentences or refusal to speak?�@160
7.3.5�@Haruki in Stockholm(H2)�@162
7.3.6�@Summary of results regarding MLU�@164
7.4�@Complement structures and particle supply�@165
7.4.1�@A review of Japanese complement types and how to read the tables used in this section�@165
7.4.2�@Comparison of the three subjects' complement structures and particle supply in the pre-attrition period�@168
7.4.3�@Shoko�@174
7.4.4�@Haruki in Hawaii(H1)�@180
7.4.5�@Haruki in Stockholm(H2)�@185
7.4.6�@A discussion of tte�@187
7.4.7�@Summary of results regarding complement structures and particle supply�@191
7.5�@Complex sentences�@193
7.5.1�@Types of complex sentences and how to read the tables used in this section�@193
7.5.2�@Comparison of the three subjects'complex sentences in the pre-attrition period�@194
7.5.3�@Shoko�@196
7.5.4�@Haruki in Hawaii(H1)�@196
7.5.5�@Haruki in Stockholm(H2)�@197
7.5.6�@Summary of results regarding complex sentences�@199
7.6�@Lexical and syntactic errors�@199
7.6.1�@Comparison of the three subjects'lexical and syntactic errors in the pre-attrition period�@199
7.6.2�@Shoko�@202
7.6.3�@Haruki in Hawaii(H1)�@208
7.6.4�@Haruki in Stockholm(H2)�@213
7.6.5�@Summary of results regarding lexical and syntactic errors�@218
7.7�@Fluency(intra-constituent pauses)�@220
7.7.1�@Distribution of intra-constituent pauses�@220
7.7.2�@Summary of results regarding fluency(intra-constituent pauses)�@222
7.8�@Elicited imitation�@222
7.8.1�@The material and the performance of the control children�@223
7.8.2�@Shoko's performance in the attrition period�@224
7.8.3�@Shoko's performance in the regaining period�@225
7.8.4�@Summary of results regarding elicited imitation�@226
7.9�@Translation�@227
7.9.1�@Shoko's performance at Times 14 and 15�@227
7.9.2�@Summary of results regarding translation�@229
7.10�@Reynell's comprehension test�@229
7.10.1�@Shoko's performance on the test�@230
7.10.2�@Summary of results regarding Reynell's comprehension test�@232
7.11�@Field notes�@232
7.11.1�@The organization of this section�@232
7.11.2�@Notes on lexicon and syntax�@233
7.11.3�@Notes on processing Japanese for production�@243
7.11.4�@Notes on comprehension abilities�@249
7.11.5�@Summary of analysis regarding field notes�@251
7.12�@Summary of this chapter�@252
7.12.1�@Summary of lexical loss�@252
7.12.2�@Summary of syntactic loss�@253
7.12.3�@Summary of loss of processing abilities for oral production�@255
7.12.4�@Summary of loss of comprehension abilities�@256

8�@DISCUSSION�@258
8.1�@Answers to research questions�@258
8.2�@Summary�@277

9�@CONCLUSION�@279
9.1�@Summary�@279
9.2�@Values and limitations of study�@280
9.3�@Implications�@282
9.4�@Further studies�@282

APPENDIX�@285

Table 4-4:Main events in Stockholm and back in Japan�@285
Table 4-5:Main events in Hawaii and back in Japan�@286
Table 7-2-2:List of Non-Japanese words used across time(Shoko)�@287
Table 7-2-3:List of Non-Japanese words used across time(Haruki in Hawaii,H1)�@288
Table 7-2-4:List of Non-Japanese words used across time(Haruki in Stockholm,H2)�@289
Table 7-4-19:Use of wa in Natural Conversation and Narrative across time�FComparison of the 3 cases�@291
Table 7-6-2:List of Shoko's errors in Natural Conversation and Narrative across time�@292
Table 7-6-3:List of H1's errors in Natural Conversation and Narrative across time�@294
Table 7-6-4:List of H1's errors in Fiction-making across time�@295
Table 7-6-5:List of H2's errors in Natural Conversation and Narrative across time�@296
Table 7-8-1:Material for the Elicited Imitation task�@298
Table 7-9-1:Material for the translation task and its English translation by Shoko at Time 15�@300

REFERENCES�@302

Tables and Figures

Tables
2-1�@The ages and the English(the LA)learning profiles of Yoshitomi's(1994)and Tomiyama's(1996)studies�@24
2-2�@What is lost�@26
3-1�@Dates of data collection�@54
3-2�@Total number of words Haruki recalled in the Shiritori game(15 minutes)�@57
3-3�@Words recalled in the Opposite Word game�@58
3-4�@Number of errors�@60
3-5�@Frequency of code-switching�@65
4-1�@Dates of data collection related attrition in Stockholm:The attrition stage�@82
4-2�@Dates of data collection related attrition in Stockholm:The regaining stage�@83
4-3�@Dates of data collection related attrition in Hawaii�@84
5-1a�@Japanese complement types and the case-markers:Primary complements�@94
5-1b�@Japanese complement types and the case-markers:Primary complements�@95
5-2�@Secondary complements and the particles which mark them�@98
5-3�@Primary and secondary complements categorized according to case-marking particles�@99
7-1-1�@Type-Token Ratio(TTR)of initial 400 morphemes in Natural Conversation across time:Comparison of the 3 cases�@147
7-2-1�@Total number of non-Japanese words used across time�@152
7-3-1�@Comparison of Mean Length of Utterance in Morphemes(MLU)in the three subjects in the pre-attrition period�@156
7-3-2�@Shoko's Mean Length of Utterances in Morphemes(MLU)across time(Natural Conversation and Narrative)�@157
7-3-3�@H1's Mean Length of Utterances in Morphemes(MLU)across time(in Hawaii, Natural Conversation and Narrative)�@159